Thirtyth Annotation

12/16/08

http://owpdb.mfo.de/detail?photo_id=10027

This is a primary source. This is a photo of Shiing Shen Chern and was provied by Bergman, George M, in Berkeley.

Twenty-nineth Annotation

12/16/08

http://owpdb.mfo.de/detail?photo_id=7484

This is a primary source and it is a phtotgraph, which was taken by Jacobs Konrad in Oberwolfach.

Twenty-eighth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.onpedia.com/encyclopedia/Shiing-shen-Chern

This is a website, which had a detailed information about Chern's life.

He was born in Kashing, Chekiang Province in China (today known as Jiaxing in Zhejiang province). He moved to Tientsin (today known as Tianjin) in 1922 to be with his father, and from 1926 he was a student at Nankai University in that city, graduating in mathematics in 1930. He was a master student under Dan SUN at Tsing Hua University from 1931 to 1934, working on projective differential geometry. He died at Nankai University, Tianjin at the age of 93. The asteroid 29552 Chern is named after him.

Twenty-seventh Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/archives/000118.html

This is a secondary source, people responsed to the death of our greatest mathematician Chern.


Anonymous says:
December 6, 2004 at 2:19 pm
Sad news indeed. He seems to have been generous and an excellent mentor as well. Among his many outstanding students was the Fields Medallist Shing-Tung Yau of Calabi-Yau fame.


D R Lunsford says:
December 12, 2004 at 10:06 pm
I love the mathematical asides - otherwise I’d probably never know what was happening out there.
-drl

Twenty-sixth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1511/151109.pdf

This is article contain one of Chern's picture, but it was wrote by Hung Hsi Wu, a professor of mathematical, but was created after Chern was died.

The whole article most described the efforts Chern had done on mathematical, and it is a really good article.

Twenty-fifth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-stringth.html

An website given the definition for string theory. And this is a secondary source.
String theory description of elementary particles based on one-dimensional curves, or "strings," instead of point particles. The strings are embedded in a space-time having as many as 10 dimensions—the three ordinary dimensions plus time and seven compactified dimensions.

Twenty-fourth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-ChernSS.html

This is a secondary source, which had informed me the works Chern had done on geometry field.
Studying the curvature of surfaces in spaces with more than three dimensions, he devised mathematical quantities that he called characteristic classes—now known as Chern classes—that differentiated different types of surfaces. The fields on which he had the greatest impact, global differential geometry and complex algebraic geometry, are fundamental to many areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, and his work at the foundation of gauge theory and string theory, among the most important developments of modern theoretical physics.

Twenty-third Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.answers.com/topic/generalized-gauss-bonnet-theorem

This website gives me an idea of what generalized-Gauss-Bonnet theorem is, and this is a secondary source. In mathematics, the generalized-Gauss-Bonnet theorem ('also called Chern-Gauss -Bonnet theorem) presents the Euler characteristic of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold as an integral of a certain polynomial derived from its curvature. It is a direct generalization of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to higher dimensions.

Twenty- second Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.answers.com/topic/chern-simons-form

This is a secondary source, which tell me te definition of Chern-simons form, which form was named after Shiing Shen Chern and James Harris Simons.

In mathematics, the Chern-Simons forms are certain secondary characteristic classes, They have been found to be of interest in gauge theory, and they (especially the 3-form) define the action of Chern-Simons theory.

twenty-first Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.answers.com/topic/shiing-shen-chern#Research

This is a secondary source, which informed the works that Chern had done so far.

Chern's work spreads over all the classic fields of differential geometry. It includes areas currently fashionable (the Chern-Simons theory arising from a 1974 paper written jointly with Jim Simons), perennial (the Chern-Weil theory linking curvature invariants to characteristic classes from 1944, after the Allendoerfer-Weil paper of 1943 on the Gauss-Bonnet theorem), the foundational (Chern classes), and some areas such as projective differential geometry and webs that have a lower profile. He published results in integral geometry, value distribution theory of holomorphic functions, and minimal submanifolds.

Twentyth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.shawprize.org/en shawprize/2004/presentation/speeches/wuwenjum.html

This is a primary source, and a speech on Professor Shiing Shen Chern by Professor Wen-Tsun Wu.


" Chern's contribution to mathematic is both deep and broad. The Shaw Foundation is hornerd to award its first Prize in Mathematical Science to Professor Chern."

Nineteenth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2004/mathematical/Chern/announcement.html

This is a primary source and a announcement on that Shiing Shen Chern had awarded the Shaw Prize for the mathematical science in 2004.

Eighteenth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2004/mathematical/Chern/citation.html

This is a primary source, which brieftly describe his success in his life.

Shiing-Shen Chern was born in 1911 in China. He graduated from Nankai University in 1930 and the graduate school of Tsinghua University in 1934. He then furthered studies at the University of Hamburg. He has been professor at the Southwest Associated University, Kunming, China, the University of Chicago, and the University of California at Berkeley. He founded the mathematics research institute at Nankai and is the honorary director since 1992.

Seventeenth Annotation

12/16/08

http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2004/mathematical/Chern/autobiography.html

This is a autobiography wrote by Shiing Shen Chern himself, and it's a primary source. This autobiography tell us how his life goes.

And have been honored by many national academies in the world, as members or foreign members. Among them are the following:


- Academia Sinica 1948
- National Academy of Sciences US 1961
- American Philosophical Society 1989
- Royal Society of London 1985
- Academie des Sciences Paris 1989
- Russian Academy of Sciences 2001
- Chinese Academy of Sciences 1994
- Academia Nazionale dei Lincei 1988
- Third World Academy of Sciences 1983
- Brazilian Academy of Sciences 1971

Sixtennth Annotation

12/16/08
http://www.shawprize.org/common/img/laureates/2004/mathematical/Chern/autography.jpg

This is a primary source, which is a phtotgraph of Professor Shiiing Shen Chern, Laureate of the Shaw Prize in Mathematical Science in 2004.

Primary and Secondary Source

Secondary Source

12/11/08

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChernClass.html

This is a secondary source, which give me the definition of what Chern Class is.

A gadget defined for complex vector bundles.The Chern classes of a complex manifold are the Chern classes of its tangent bundle. The th Chern class is an obstruction to the existence of everywhere complex linearly independent vector fields on that vector bundle.The th Chern class is in the th cohomology group of the base space.

12/11/08

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern-Simons_form

This secondary source give me an idea of what Chern Simons Theory is, ,which are certain secondary characteristic classes. And is found to be of interest in gauge theory, and they (especially the 3-form) define the action of Chern-Simons theory.The theory is named for Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, co-authors of a 1974 paper entitled "Characteristic Forms and Geometric Invariants," from which the theory arose.


12/11/08

http://math.berkeley.edu/index.php?module=announce&ANN_user_op=view&ANN_id=31

This is a secondary source, on this website people appraise Chern about how his contribution to the mathematical field.


"He's a towering figure in 20th-century mathematics," said Dr. Calvin C. Moore, a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.

"He is somebody that had a broad outlook toward people," said Hartshorne. "It's not a warm department, and he was a warm person."


12/11/08

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chern.html

This is a secondary source, I found a list of awards that had been given to Chern during his lifetime.

Honours awarded to S S Chern

Speaker at Intenational Congress 1950
AMS Colloquium Lecturer 1960
Sperker at Intenational Congress 1970
MAA Chauvenet Prize winner 1970
AMS Steele Prize 1983
Fellow of the Royal Society 1985
LMS Honorary Menber 1986
Shaw Prize 2004
Wolf Prize 1983/4

12/11/08

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/109409/Shiing-shen-Chern


born October 26, 1911, Jiaxing, China

died December 3, 2004, Tianjin

Chinese American mathematician and educator whose researches in differential geometry developed ideas that now play a major role in mathematics and in mathematical physics.

This is a secondary source, this website informed me what Chern had successed for in his whole life, a biography of him.

11/18/08

Third In ternational Congress of Chinese Mathematicians


A Chinese Essay in Tribute to Professor Shiing-Shen Chern, found this page in a book called Third In ternational Congress of Chinese Mathematicians. This essay expressed how sad people were for the death of our one of the greatest person.

This is a seondary source, and this book help me to understand more mathematician in the past decade, who had contribute their whole life in the mathematical.

10/24/08

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=869ADDF818FB552D066D1FF56B0E39B7.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=441323

This website informed me that Shiing Shen Chern was born on October 26th, 1911 in JiaXin, in china, and died in 2004. His father works for government. He first shows his mathematical ability by doing all the exercises in classical English textbooks on algebra and trigonometry when he was in his middle school, and he later became really interesting in the Sun's subject, projective differential geometry, he works hard. At Tsinghua, he met his wife Shih-Ning, the daughter of a professor.

This website help me to recongnized a brief summarize of Chern's life.


This is a secondary source, because this website was not created by Shiing Shen Chern's lifetime.

10/24/08

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics

This website introduced the basic definition of Quantum Mechanics, it helps me to understanding the meaning of it, which is a physical science dealing with the behavior of matter and energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles or waves. And it spends a century of experimentation and applied science, to made quantum mechanical theory been proven to be very successful and practical.

This website is a secondary source, because it was created after Chern was died.





Primary Source

12/11/08

http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2004/mathematical/Chern/essay.html


This is a primary source, which is a essay on Shing-Shen Chern, the first Shaw Prize is awarded to Professor Chern in recognition of his singular contributions to, and influence on, the mathematical life of our time.

11/25/08

http://www.nim.nankai.edu.cn/sschern/jiangxiang.htm

This is a primary source, this website had list many Chern's scholarship for those who were very good at math, and he had subscribed a part of his money to some school. In 2004, he gain $1000 thousand for his efforts on math, and contributed these money to some college which he had been work and study before.

11/25/08

http://www.nim.nankai.edu.cn

This is a primary source, this article give me an idea of how the role of Chern Siomos theory in solving the fractional quantum Hall effect mystery. The Chern -Siomos theroy unifies the fractional quantum Hall with the well understood integral quantum Hall effect, in the process leading to the prediction and the subsequent discovery of a new class of topological fermions in nature.


11/21/08

Chern-Simons Theory, Matrix Models, and Topological Strings


This is a primary source, this is a book about the above things in math, which detail the fomular for how to solve the Chern-Simons Theory, also other two theory, and how they work in math, but the formular is really hard for me to read, ,and understand what they were wrote about.


11/06/08

http://www.ams.org/notices/199807/chern.pdf


This website gives me an interviews with Shing Shen Chern when he was still alive, and there was a poem written by Chern. This interview told a completed and detailed story of Chern's life.

Following is the poem written by Chern:


Physics and geometry are one family.

Together and holding hands they roam to the limits of outer space.

Black hole and monopole exhaust the secret of myths;

Fiber and connections weave to interlace the roseate clouds.

Evolution equations describe solitons;

Dual curvatures defines instantons.

Surprisingly, Math, has earned its rightful place for man and in sky;

Fondling flowers with a smile -- just wish nothing is said.



This is a primary source, because it had inclued some pictures which was taken by him, and this is a interview.


10/28/08

http://www.nucleares.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html

This article gives me an idea of what is String Theory. First what is the world made of, ordinary matter is made of atoms, and atom is made of three part, proton, neutron, and with the electron arranged around them. But neutrons and protons are made of even smaller particles, known as quarks. There are four fundamental forces in this universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear forces. Each of these is produced by fundamental particles that act as carriers of the force. The essential idea behind string theory is this: all of the different 'fundamental ' particles of the Standard Model are really just different manifestations of one basic object: a string.


This is a primary source, it provided me some important information of the my project, and this article let me easier understand the basic meaning of String Theory.

10/25/08

http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/shiingshenchern.htm


This article gives a main detailed biography of Chern's life, he only had one day of elementary education, and four years at middle high school, at aged 15, he skippe two greades to enter the Nankai University, and how he opened his eyes to the grand vistas in geometry. And three major decisions in the period 1934 to 1943 that shaped the rest of his life.

This article references primary and secondary source, including the picture of Chern's and this article was created after Chern was passed away.

Fifteenth Annotation

12/11/08

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChernClass.html

This is a secondary source, which give me the definition of what Chern Class is.

A gadget defined for complex vector bundles.The Chern classes of a complex manifold are the Chern classes of its tangent bundle. The th Chern class is an obstruction to the existence of everywhere complex linearly independent vector fields on that vector bundle.The th Chern class is in the th cohomology group of the base space.

Fourteenth Annotation

12/11/08

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern-Simons_form

This secondary source give me an idea of what Chern Simons Theory is, ,which are certain secondary characteristic classes. And is found to be of interest in gauge theory, and they (especially the 3-form) define the action of Chern-Simons theory.The theory is named for Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, co-authors of a 1974 paper entitled "Characteristic Forms and Geometric Invariants," from which the theory arose.

Thirteenth Annotation

12/11/08

http://math.berkeley.edu/index.php?module=announce&ANN_user_op=view&ANN_id=31

This is a secondary source, on this website people appraise Chern about how his contribution to the mathematical field.


"He's a towering figure in 20th-century mathematics," said Dr. Calvin C. Moore, a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.

"He is somebody that had a broad outlook toward people," said Hartshorne. "It's not a warm department, and he was a warm person."

Twelveth Annotation

12/11/08

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chern.html

This is a secondary source, I found a list of awards that had been given to Chern during his lifetime.

Honours awarded to S S Chern

Speaker at Intenational Congress 1950
AMS Colloquium Lecturer 1960
Sperker at Intenational Congress 1970
MAA Chauvenet Prize winner 1970
AMS Steele Prize 1983
Fellow of the Royal Society 1985
LMS Honorary Menber 1986
Shaw Prize 2004
Wolf Prize 1983/4

Eleventh Annotation

12/11/08

http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2004/mathematical/Chern/essay.html


This is a primary source, which is a essay on Shing-Shen Chern, the first Shaw Prize is awarded to Professor Chern in recognition of his singular contributions to, and influence on, the mathematical life of our time.

Tenth Annotation

12/11/08

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/109409/Shiing-shen-Chern


born October 26, 1911, Jiaxing, China

died December 3, 2004, Tianjin

Chinese American mathematician and educator whose researches in differential geometry developed ideas that now play a major role in mathematics and in mathematical physics.

This is a secondary source, this website informed me what Chern had successed for in his whole life, a biography of him.

Nineth Annotation

11/25/08

http://www.nim.nankai.edu.cn/sschern/jiangxiang.htm

This is a primary source, this website had list many Chern's scholarship for those who were very good at math, and he had subscribed a part of his money to some school. In 2004, he gain $1000 thousand for his efforts on math, and contributed these money to some college which he had been work and study before.

Eighth Annotation

11/25/08

http://www.nim.nankai.edu.cn

This is a primary source, this article give me an idea of how the role of Chern Siomos theory in solving the fractional quantum Hall effect mystery. The Chern -Siomos theroy unifies the fractional quantum Hall with the well understood integral quantum Hall effect, in the process leading to the prediction and the subsequent discovery of a new class of topological fermions in nature.

Seventh Annotation

11/21/08

Chern-Simons Theory, Matrix Models, and Topological Strings


This is a primary source, this is a book about the above things in math, which detail the fomular for how to solve the Chern-Simons Theory, also other two theory, and how they work in math, but the formular is really hard for me to read, ,and understand what they were wrote about.

Sixth Annotation

11/18/08

Third In ternational Congress of Chinese Mathematicians


A Chinese Essay in Tribute to Professor Shiing-Shen Chern, found this page in a book called Third In ternational Congress of Chinese Mathematicians. This essay expressed how sad people were for the death of our one of the greatest person.

This is a seondary source, and this book help me to understand more mathematician in the past decade, who had contribute their whole life in the mathematical.

Final Draft

Shiing Shen Chern who was a Chinese American mathematician, whose name is immortalized in the "Chern classes" of differential geometry, he was born on October 26th, 1911 in JiaXing, China. One of the greatest geometers of the 20th century and a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. He made many of successes in his life, which will affect us forever, such as Differential geometry which is the language of modern physics as well as an area of mathematical delight.


Professor Chern was living in the era of revolution in China, his father worked for government, in his early life, he had only one day of elementary school, four years at middle high school, and at aged 15 he skipped two grades to enter the Nankai University. He also studied at the University of Hamburg, where he received his doctorate in 1936, before spending a year at the Sorbonne in Paris. While undertaking graduate studies at Tsing Hua University, Peking, Chern became a really interest in differential geometry. During the period of 1934 to 1943, Chern made his three major dicisions that affect the rest of his life. In 1934, he earned a chance to study aboard, and he chose to went to Europe instead of U.S, because he had listened to the lecture of Blaschke’s when he was still in Peking in 1932, which attracted him most.


And then in 1936, use a postdoctoral fellowship for study in Europe to study with Elie Cartan in Paris. Later in 1943, at the end of World War II, Chern returned to China to the Institute of Mathematics at the Academia Sinica in Nanking, he made one of his most important decision in his life to accepted the invitation go to visit the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton, even it was a difficult time to travel. At Tsinghua, he married his wife Shih-Ning, the daughter of a professor, in Kunming in 1939.


He returned to teach in China, but the environment limited his contact with mathematicians outside the country, and Professor Chern left for Princeton University. He later taught at the University of Chicago and eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen.


In 1975, he received the U.S. National Medal of Science Prize for his efforts on the geometry."He was a towering figure in 20th century mathematics," said UC Berkeley mathematics Professor Calvin Moore. "He reshaped differential geometry and introduced several fundamental tools."


Chern died of heart failure following a heart attack, in 2004, at aged 93 in Tianjin, China, even though he was died, he had left with a huge property for us. A large part of modern algebraic geometry would not exist without Chern classes, his efforts on geometry made scientists take a big step toward the new mathematical world.


Introduction


What is String Theory? First what is the world made of, ordinary matter is made of atoms, and atom is made of three part, proton, neutron, and with the electron arranged around them. But neutrons and protons are made of even smaller particles, known as quarks. The world has many secretes we hadn't found out yet. The essential idea behind string theory is this: all of the different 'fundamental ' particles of the Standard Model are really just different manifestations of one basic object: a string. This is a most famous theory in geometry field, and Chern made a prove of this theory, a Chinese American mathematician of the 20th century.

Fifth Annotation

11/06/08

http://www.ams.org/notices/199807/chern.pdf


This website gives me an interviews with Shing Shen Chern when he was still alive, and there was a poem written by Chern. This interview told a completed and detailed story of Chern's life.

Following is the poem written by Chern:


Physics and geometry are one family.

Together and holding hands they roam to the limits of outer space.

Black hole and monopole exhaust the secret of myths;

Fiber and connections weave to interlace the roseate clouds.

Evolution equations describe solitons;

Dual curvatures defines instantons.

Surprisingly, Math, has earned its rightful place for man and in sky;

Fondling flowers with a smile -- just wish nothing is said.



This is a primary source, because it had inclued some pictures which was taken by him, and this is a interview.

Revised Thesis Statement and Introduction

Shiing Shen Chern who was a Chinese American mathematician, he was born on October 26th, 1911 in JiaXing, China. One of the greatest geometers of the 20th century and a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.

Chern was living in the era of revolution in China, his father works for government, in his early life, he had only one day of elementary school, four years at middle high school, and at aged 15 he skipped two grades to enter the Nankai University. While undertaking graduate studies at Tsing Hua University, Peking, Chern became a really interest in differential geometry. During the period of 1934 to 1943, Chern made his three major dicisions that affect the rest of his life. In 1934, he earned a chance to study aboard, and he chose to went to Europe instead of U.S, because he had listened to the lecture of Blaschke when he was still in Peking in 1932, which attracted him most.

And then in 1936, use a postdoctoral fellowship for study in Europe to study with Elie Cartan in Paris. Later in 1943, at the end of World War II, Chern returned to China to the Institute of Mathematics at the Academia Sinica in Nanking, he made one of his most important decision in his life to accepted the invitation go to visit the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton, even it was a difficult time to travel. At Tsinghua, he married his wife Shih-Ning, the daughter of a professor, in Kunming in 1939.

Chern died of heart failure following a heart attack, in 2004, at aged 93 in Tianjin, China, even though he was died, he had left with a huge property for us. A large part of modern algebraic geometry would not exist without Chern classes, his efforts on geometry made scientists take a big step toward the new mathematical world.


Introduction

What is String Theory? First what is the world made of, ordinary matter is made of atoms, and atom is made of three part, proton, neutron, and with the electron arranged around them. But neutrons and protons are made of even smaller particles, known as quarks. The world has many secretes we hadn't found out yet. The essential idea behind string theory is this: all of the different 'fundamental ' particles of the Standard Model are really just different manifestations of one basic object: a string. This is a most famous theory in geometry field, but Chern made a prove of this theory, a Chinese American mathematician of the 20th century.

Fourth Annotation

10/28/08

http://www.nucleares.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html

This article gives me an idea of what is String Theory. First what is the world made of, ordinary matter is made of atoms, and atom is made of three part, proton, neutron, and with the electron arranged around them. But neutrons and protons are made of even smaller particles, known as quarks. There are four fundamental forces in this universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear forces. Each of these is produced by fundamental particles that act as carriers of the force. The essential idea behind string theory is this: all of the different 'fundamental ' particles of the Standard Model are really just different manifestations of one basic object: a string.


This is a primary source, it provided me some important information of the my project, and this article let me easier understand the basic meaning of String Theory.

Third Annotation and Thesis Statement

10/25/08

http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/shiingshenchern.htm


This article gives a main detailed biography of Chern's life, he only had one day of elementary education, and four years at middle high school, at aged 15, he skippe two greades to enter the Nankai University, and how he opened his eyes to the grand vistas in geometry. And three major decisions in the period 1934 to 1943 that shaped the rest of his life.

This article references primary and secondary source, including the picture of Chern's and this article was created after Chern was passed away.

Thesis Statement

Shiing Shen Chern who was a Chinese American mathematician. In 1934, he earned a chance to study aborad, and he chose to went to Europe instead of U.S, and then in 1936, use a postdoctoral fellowship for study in Europe to study with Elie Cartan in Paris. Later in 1943, he made one of his most important disicion in his life to go to visit the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton. Chern, who had made a big improvement in geometry, that he made a major discovery, namely, an intrinsic proof of the n-dimensional Gauss-Bonnet theorem. This important proof was the forerunner of other invariants which bear his name, Chern classes, Chern-Weil homomorphism and Chern-Simons invariants, which have become essential tools not only in differential geometry but in other areas of mathematics such as topology and algebraic geometry and also mathematical physics. A large part of modern algebraic geometry would not exist without Chern classes. Chern's efforts on geometry made scientist take a big step toward the world.

Second Annotation

10/24/08

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=869ADDF818FB552D066D1FF56B0E39B7.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=441323

This website informed me that Shiing Shen Chern was born on October 26th, 1911 in JiaXin, in china, and died in 2004. His father works for government. He first shows his mathematical ability by doing all the exercises in classical English textbooks on algebra and trigonometry when he was in his middle school, and he later became really interesting in the Sun's subject, projective differential geometry, he works hard. At Tsinghua, he met his wife Shih-Ning, the daughter of a professor.

This website help me to recongnized a brief summarize of Chern's life.


This is a secondary source, because this website was not created by Shiing Shen Chern's lifetime.

First Annotation

10/24/08

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics

This website introduced the basic definition of Quantum Mechanics, it helps me to understanding the meaning of it, which is a physical science dealing with the behavior of matter and energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles or waves. And it spends a century of experimentation and applied science, to made quantum mechanical theory been proven to be very successful and practical.

This website is a secondary source, because it was created after Chern was died.

Topic Selection Post

I choose Shiing Shen Chern for my NHD Project this year, who was a Chinese American mathematician from Tianjin, one of the leaders in differential geometry of the twentieth century.

This person is important to history because without his efforts, we can not prove the String Theory. Math is a major tool for studying science. And because of his efforts on math, we finally solve the problems between Einstein's theory and quantum mechanics which we are not sure which one is true, because these two theory were against each other.

For this week, I will work on his efforts to the world's math for more find details, and look for some websites or bookes about his career.

Service Learning

From the meeting, I know that I'll be teaching Chinese with my friend LinFeng in the library, and other people will teach the ESL student English. Maybe next time we will going to visit the senior, and our group had some goal need to accomplish. I know it would be a fun time for every of us to enjoy with other people for help them, and I will do my best. But the problem is that Mr, Todd said LinFeng and I could stay with the other people, and sometimes we could help translate to them in case some students just being study English, I am not sure I could help them, because my own English is not good, but, anyway I will learn morn during this program. For the coming weeks, I will go on line to search some information about teaching Chinese, it's time to enjoy myself of helping people.

The First Service Learning Meeting

In the last Service Learning Meeting. we had made a plan about the service. It is shows below.


Where to go:

Chinese Culture Center

Go to people's house

McColl Elementary School


People we help to:

Old man or children.

whoever need help


What we help:

Teaching Chinese and English


In the next meeting, I want to suggest, we could also made some information for them to learning the language. Sometimes visit the old man, and talk to them, because they are always lonely. Or have a party for them.

Service Learning

In the Service Learning, I was interested in the Chinese teaching. We could teach some children whether their parents or they want to learn. To me, the Service Learning is important, because we could help people during the service, and there would be so many funs to help them.

Primary Source and Second Source

Primary Source

http://www.pbs.org.wgbh/amex/vietnam/pscourse/ps_tonkingulf.html
2/02/2008
(President Johnson's Message to Congress)

http://www.pbs.org.wgbh/amex/vietnam/pscourse/ps_kennedy.html
1/27/2008
(President Kennedy's letter to Ngi Dinh Diem)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam-War
1/28/2008
This website explains the war was took place from 1965 to April 30, 1975, and it was fought between South and North Vietnam for unify the country, and ended with defeat of South Vietnam.

http://www.vietnampix.com/intro2.htm
2/04/2008
This website explains fear the spread of communist cause many countries involved in this war.


Secondary Source

http://www.vietvet.org/thewall.htm
1/02/2008
This is a website that talk about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. There were million of name who died during the war.
http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar.a.vietnamtimeline.htm
1/04/2008
This website shows the timeline in that time.

http://www.bookrage.com/history/vietnam-war/sub9.html
1/04/2008
(America Begins to Get Out of Vietnam)

http://www.infoplease.com/co6/history/A0850869.html
2/01/2008
This website explained a short concept pf the Vietnam War

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/psourse/ps_policy.html
2/02/2008
(American Policy in Vietnam)
http://www,pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/timeline/index.html
1/27/2008
This is a website that has a timeline of Vietnam after World War II
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0861797.html
1/27/2008
(End of the War)
This website explains the end of the war, that Vietnam was formally reunified in July, 1976, and Saigo was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/what_were_the_cause_of_the_vietnam_war
2/04/2008
This website explains the cause of the Vietnam War.
http://www.infoplease.com/co6/history/A0861794.html
2/02/2008
(Cause and Early Years)
This website describes the way president Diem stopped the reunification of Vietnam.

http://www.vietnamwar.com/
1/24/2008
This website explains the division of Vietnam into North and South.
.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm
1/28/2008
This source shows Vietnam became independence from French and than divided into North and South Vietnam. By 1958, Communist-led guerrillas known as the Viet Cong had begun to battle the South Vietnam government.

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=516
1/09/2008
This website shows that the war which resulted in nearly 60.000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnam deaths, and an anti-war protests became a feature of American life.

http://www.42explore2.com/vietnam.htm
1/24/2008
This website described the United States involved in this war in March 1965, fighting for South Vietnam for several years then the United States slowly began to pull their troops out of Vietnam, because of the anti-war in their own country, and the war was finally ended with defeat South Vietnam.
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War
1/11/2008
This website explains by 1973, United States soldiers were no longer in Vietnam, as a result, American sent less and less money and weaponry to South Vietnam. North Vietnam made a massive military attack in 1974on South Vietnam. North and South Vietnam became a single country again on July 2, 1976, and this is now called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t3w30vietnamwar.htm
01/21/2008
(Ho Chi Minh)
`
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/103.htm
1/22/2008
This website tell that the government leaders began an economic plan in 1986, when aid from the Soviet Union stopped, the country was able to stand on its own. The government fears that if contact with the United States increases, it might result in a revolution that would destroy their authority.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/vietnam.htm
1/22/2008
This website shows that the U.S eventually fielded an army of over 500.000 men and engaged in extensive air and naval warfare again North Vietnam, which actions caused a civil war in their country.

http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm
1/21/2008
This website explains the division of Vietnam into two part--communist and noncommunist, the United States tried to stopped the communist, send army to South Vietnam, and help them to defeat North Vietnam.
http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm
1/28/2008
This website explains the end of the war and the fall of Saigon.

http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/p/VietnamBrief.htm
2/01/2008
This website describe about the The Tet Offensive.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#Effects_on_Vietnam
1/12/2008
This website explains the effect on Vietnam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#China
1/19/2008
This website describes the involvement of China in 1949.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War#Philippines
1/14/2008
This website explains the involvement of Philippines.

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761552642
1/19/2008
This website tell about before the Vietnam War, French invaded Vietnam and made it s a colony of them for a hundrel year, and then Vietnam escaped from their rule, became independent.

http://history1900s.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamwar.htm
2/02/2008
This website explains the Vietnam War was struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the whole country of Vietnam under the communist government, and the United Stated tried to prevent the spread pf communist, but the U.S leaders lost the American public's support for the war in Vietnam.
http://www.vietnampix.com/intro.htm
2/04/2008
This website shows that in 1950 the United States began to send troops to Vietnam. During the war almost 3 million US men and women were send to there to fought for the Vietnamese to do what the Vietnamese should to do for themselves. It is estimated that over 2.5 million people on both sides were killed.

Process paper

Group Member:
Amy
Chen Xian
Linfeng Yang
Hong Lin

Teacher: Miss Mahdi

The Vietnam War was the longest war in the United Stated history, American fear the spread of communist, then send their soldier, money and weapons to support South Vietnam where thousand miles away from American.


We are doing the documentary for the Vietnam War. The topic for our NHD Project is why American involved in the Vietnam War. It got us interested in the topic, because it is a disaster in the American history which causes an anti-war in their own country, when the Vietnam War start many of the American college students were protesting the United Stated being in Vietnam. If I was a college student in 1960-1970, I would also want to protest the war.

During the work, we had interviewed a man who had been sending to South Vietnam for fighting when he was 19 years old. In common, many people at that age would enjoy their time with their friends or family, but because of the Vietnam War, a war that wastes people time and life,

When we first start the project, we thought it was just a common war. But gradually, we know it was a unpopulated war. The Vietnam was a colony of French under their govern for a hundred years. And it then escaped from France, then the Vietnam separate into two parts, one is communist government(the North Vietnam), another part is noncommunist government (the South Vietnam), and the war was start for reunify the whole country, it began from 1959 to April 30,1975.

Doing the work, we had faced many challenges, such as we need to check the truth of the information whether is right or not. We should go to he library or Internet to research the sources, and finally, fix them for organized information. When we doing the project, because of the language problem, we can’t easy understand the main point of the source. But we finally overcome it, we asked our tutor to explains the mainly thinks for us, and we also looked for some information about Vietnam War written in Chinese.

At the end of the war the United States began to pull their troops out of Vietnam. The involvement of American made their people angry. The war killed American boys in the war, it dropped the United States into a terrible time. Many younger people were drafted in the services for the war, the United States government put some National-Guidemen to stop the protest in the college, and sometimes they kill the protestor. The war was finally ended with defeat South Vietnam, North Vietnam unify the whole country under the communist government.

People asked us why we chosen the documentary, because we think the documentary could effectible and easier et people understand the whole thing. It is vivid than those like exhibit or paper. It let people feel not that boring, it had a condign attraction.

Should Father Beat Thier Child

No, no one should not allow to beat their child, because it is not a right thing to do that.Though even their children make a mistake, they could find a better way to educate them, what are the right and wrong things to do.But some father like Huck's father in the story, he fought his son for no reason, and almost killed him. There isn't any law to alow them to do that, but children could protect themself through the law, if their parents fight them, but for no reason.

Should Huck Finn Taught in School

The book was written by Mark Twain, which tells a tale about a boy anmed Huck Finn. He got a thousand dollars which was found by chance, but his father came back, and wanted to take all of it. Huck didn't like his father, so one day, he found a chance to escape from his father. He floated on a raft down the Mississppi River, and began his adventures with the escaping slave, Jim. This is a good book for us to read.It was written in about 1800s, from this book we could know something about the life in that time.
In this book, we could know how people treat the slaves in the past. They called them "nigger" and they thought they were a piece of their property, not people, and not equal to the white folks. Miss Watson's big slave named JIm, was a great example. People lashed him, and froced him to work. There was no equality between them. It was unfair to all of them, people should live together in peace like a big family. For instance, Jim is Huck's best friend, they helped each other when one had trouble, each would help other one. They traveled by raft down the MIssissippi River during their adventure,they had faced many problems. Near the end of the story, Huck was wounded by a shot at his thigh, he told JIm to the boat and leave this place, but Jim didn't do that, he stayed with Huck, and took him to see a doctor. They were caught by the people who were searching all around for them. They tried to killl Jim, because they thought he was a dangerous man, but Jim was not afraid to die. Huck implored them to let him go, the tears ran out from his eyes. At this moment, I could feel how deep their friendship was. What a surprise it was when a woman saved them at last. At the end of the story, Jim became a free man he was happy for that, and I'm glad about this,too.This makes me ask the question: Why couldn't everyone live in peace in those days, just like Huck and Jim?
In the story, we learn about Huck's life. His father was greedy, and very mean. His mother died when he was very young.When Huck's father found out about the money Huck found, of cause, he wanted it all for himself.One day, he kidnopped Huck from the widow. and hid him in his cottage, and locked Huck in so he couldn't get out. The place had no warm rooms for Huck to sleep, his father warned Huck to never try to escape. He would killed him pone night, you could see how dangenous it was for Huck to live with his father.
From this book we could know many thing about that time, it is a good book, why couldn't it teach in school,could it ?